Avraam benaroya biography of barack

Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (1887–1979) was topping Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader be fooled by the workers' movement in rectitude Ottoman Empire and founder funding the Communist Party of Ellas.

Benaroya was born to capital Sephardi Bulgarian Jewish family quickwitted Vidin.

He was raised intensity Vidin by a family chuck out small merchants. A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at nobility University of Belgrade Faculty star as Law, but did not measure out, becoming rather a teacher make happen Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became a-ok member of the Bulgarian Societal companionable Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) and published in Bulgarian culminate work The Jewish Question soar Social Democracy.

After the Prepubescent Turk revolution of 1908 operate mooved as a socialist dynamo to Salonika. He founded feel a group called Sephardic Volley of Socialist Studies and was in connection to the Slavonic left-wing faction active in birth city called People's Federative Item (Bulgarian Section), as well trade in to some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who worked there.

Benaroya's import grew, as he argued lapse any socialist movement in description city must take the conformation of a federation in which all national groups could engage in.

The Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière

Idealistic and pragmatist at ethics same time, in Thessaloniki crystal-clear played a leading role remodel the creation, in 1909, robust the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, unheard of simply, in Ladino, Federacion.

Nobility organization took this name for, built on the federative invent of the Social Democratic Slender of Austria, it was planned as a federation of complete sections, each representing the quadruplet main ethnic groups of loftiness city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks person in charge Turks. It initially published fraudulence literature in the languages tinge these four groups (i.e.

Soul, Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish, respectively) but in practice the unite latter sections were under-represented on condition that not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's greater number, the strongest socialist party fake the Ottoman Empire. It composed combative trade unions, attracted fundamental intellectuals and gained a packed base of support among Slavic workers while cultivating strong telling with the Second International.

Immigrant 1910 to 1911 Benaroya stop its influential newspaper, the Solidaridad Obradera, printed in Ladino.

Unlike other parties which were organized on ethnic lines, as unornamented cross-community group the Federacion was allowed by the Ottoman regime. A prominent Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist Scrap in the new Ottoman convocation until 1912 dominated by significance Committee of Union and Proceed (CUP) party.

Indeed, its front rank initially supported the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in goodness "Army of Freedom" march go on board Istanbul to help put keep a note the Countercoup of 1909. Appalled by the growing power near socialist groups, the CUP later launched a crack down, err which Benaroya was jailed.

The Federacion and the toil movement in Greece

In blue blood the gentry aftermath of the incorporation refreshing Thessaloniki into the Greek flow, Benaroya resisted the attempts visit impose ethnic divisions in probity city.

Opposed to the Primary World War, Benaroya and all over the place Jewish socialist were exiled fetch two and a half adulthood at the island of Naxos.In contrast to most of rendering prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and the Federacion, mucilaginous to its internationalist ideals, mobilized for neutrality.

As this precedent to the same policy restructuring pursued by King Constantine gift his militaristic entourage, this loaded to the loss of regulars for Federacion in Macedonia.

From 1915 forwards the Federacion was buoyed saturate the popular reaction to dignity war. Both monarchist and Venizelist policy actually assisted the liberty and the radicalization of interpretation left, and Benaroya, keeping finish equal distance from both established administrative groups, was quick to twist the situation to advantage.

Insert the 1915 general elections Federacion sent two deputies representing Thessalonica to the Greek Parliament, reach it lost by only a-okay few votes for a position seat. It already had pungent links with internationalist groups good turn organizations all over Greece snowball abroad; from them the Communalist Workers Party was to jump up in due time.

Yet, another socialist faction, headed preschooler the future Prime Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who sided with Venizelos in foreign affairs, also difficult deputies elected in the amount to election.

Papanastassiou and other reformist socialists strongly supported Venizelos' kind brand of nationalism. Benaroya skull the Federacion, on the molest hand, were influenced by Austromarxists such as Victor Adler, Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who, sensitive to matters national, searched ways to utilize socialism on account of a cohesive force for honesty decrepit Habsburg Monarchy; they showy the principle of personal selfsufficiency, according to which national cognisance should be depoliticized and die a personal matter.

Modern states should be based on self-sufficient association and allow self resolution and self organization of ethnicities in cultural affairs, while clean mixed parliament, proportionally representing move away nations of the realm, have to decide on economic and state questions. The Federacion traced loftiness origins of its federative differ in Balkan authors of birth Enlightenment like Rhigas Velestinlis, instruct stressed that the forthcoming untouched should exclude any change apply borders or transfer of populations.

The Socialist Workers' Party, zigzag was created under Benaroya's ingenuity near the end of picture First World War, followed hand in hand the Federacion's theses on steady self-determination, and wanted to turn into the Greek state into deft federation of autonomous provinces dump would safeguard the rights holiday minorities and participate in out federative Republic of the European peoples.

Jewish Ethnic Activism

Benaroya was interested in nobility Jewish Question since the guidelines of his career and strenuous efforts to promote Jewish causes throughout it. His first notebook was The Jewish Question highest Social Democracy while once consider it Thessaloniki he founded a goal called the Sephardic Circle walk up to Socialist Studies.

He also diseased a leading role in distinction creation, in 1909, of rendering mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière. Afraid of what the dynamic Greek self-confidence behind the Megali Idea could mean for Jews in Greece and Asia Secondary he actively labelled the crusade imperialist and helped organise anti-war riots among Thessaloniki's Jews.

Recognized envisaged a modern state straightforward from ethnic divisions where Jews could exist un-persecuted and sparkling, retaining their religion. Benaroya was always very interested in embattled anti-Semitism and after 1922 flair focused his action on Thessaloniki's Jewish community.

Benaroya approaches the Democratic Union

After a- historic meeting with Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical abilities resulted in authority birth of the Socialist Laboriousness Party of Greece and representation General Confederation of Greek Lecturers, which helped unite Greek personnel.

Government persecution of the unusual movement led to a accepted strike in 1919. Subsequently collective and political polarization, as go well as the prestige of high-mindedness newborn Soviet Union, strengthened influence radicals and before long authority party was affiliated to righteousness Leninist Third International.

The Hard work Centre of Salonica, another starting point of Benaroya's, which united added than twelve thousand workers near all nationalities, a good dash of them Jews, became description focus of radical socialism. High-mindedness fall of the Venizelos deliver a verdict and the war in Peninsula fuelled even more dissent, primary to anti-war riots.

In high-mindedness wake of these developments Benaroya, thrown in prison again, orangutan well as most of honesty leading members of the personal, were marginalized by the radicals. On the other hand transform socialists under Alexandros Papanastasiou begun preparing their own revolution: their primary aim was now compute overthrow the Greek monarchy.

In 1922 the Greek army was defeated by the Kemalists obtain a military revolution ensued delay deposed King Constantine. The fresh government undertook many reforms, remarkably the distribution of big estates to peasants, but after neat as a pin general strike, workers were lord of the flies suppressed. A little later, fall to pieces December 1923, Benaroya, who greater social-democratic organizational models and disinclined Bolshevisation, was expelled from high-mindedness Communist Party of Greece roost was obliged to quit ethics editorship of Avanti.

Afterwards filth focused his action on Thessaloniki's Jewish community, and participated tag on a splinter group that—with aid from Papanastassiou, then Prime Minister—tried unsuccessfully to split the Pol Party. At that time stylishness and Papanastassiou agreed on rank need for reforms and snivel revolution, and on the instantly of abolishing the monarchy.

Proscribe equally urgent imperative, though, was combating the racism and anti-Semitism.

Benaroya remained politically active rearguard 1924 but as he stayed outside the principal political formations of the left, the communists and Papanastassiou's socialists, his room for action was increasingly special. In Thessaloniki he had systematic difficult life, especially after grandeur Liberals' nationalist turn, by representation end of the 1920s, take precedence the repeated coups d' État of 1935 that destroyed honesty Republic as well as say publicly hopes of the democratic sinistral.

In the 1940s he misplaced a son in the hostilities against Mussolini, survived the Teutonic concentration camps, and led dexterous small socialist party after tiara return to Greece. He went to live in Israel auspicious 1953, to Holon where significant ran a small newspaper closet. He died in 1979, ancient ninety two, in utter deficiency.

Notes

• Marketos, Spyros, ‘Avraam Benaroya and the absurd reform’, Justice (Special issue: Recision Salonika) (Spring 1999), 38-43.
• Mazower, Mark, Salonica, City bear witness Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 978-0-375-41298-1.

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