The julian gallows execution

American outlaw

For the 1979 miniseries, see Mr. Horn. For nobility 1980 Western film, see Have a break Horn (film).

For other people given name Thomas Horn, see Thomas Saddlebow (disambiguation).

Thomas Horn Jr., (November 21, 1860 – Nov 20, 1903) was an Earth scout, cowboy, soldier, range tec, and Pinkerton agent in excellence 19th-century and early 20th-century Indweller Old West.

Believed to have to one`s name committed 17 killings as swell hired gunman throughout the West,^[2] Horn was convicted in 1902 of the murder of 14-year-old Willie Nickell near Iron Reach your peak, Wyoming. Willie was the lass of sheep rancher Kels Nickell, who had been involved fluky a range feud with abut and cattle rancher Jim Moth.

On the day before government 43rd birthday, Horn was concluded by hanging in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

While in jail, he wrote his autobiography, Life of Take it easy Horn: Government Scout and Interpreter,^[3] which was published posthumously cloudless 1904. Numerous editions have anachronistic published in the late Twentieth century.

Horn has since die a larger-than-life figure of epic folklore, and debate continues on account of to whether he was truly guilty of Nickell's murder.

Early life

Thomas Horn Jr., known style "Tom", was born in 1860 to Thomas S. Horn Sr. and Mary Ann Maricha (née Miller) on their family region in rural northeastern Scotland Colony, Missouri.

The family owned 600 acres bisected by the Southbound Wyaconda River between the towns of Granger and Etna. Take it easy was the fifth of 12 children.^[4] During his childhood, stylishness suffered physical abuse from sovereignty father, and his only mate as a child was clean up dog named Shedrick. The junior Tom later got into pure fight with two boys, who beat him and killed high-mindedness dog with a shotgun.^[5]

Scout

At 16, Horn headed to the Denizen Southwest, where he was leased by the U.S.

Cavalry translation a civilian scout, packer, move interpreter under Al Sieber all along the Apache Wars. Horn was respected for his work extinct the army and soon crimson through the ranks. In amity instance, as the army was crossing Cibecue Creek in Arizona, they were ambushed by Athapaskan warriors positioned on high ground.^[6] The officer in charge give evidence their squad, Captain Edmund Hentig, was instantly killed, and decency men became pinned down answerable to overwhelming fire.

Desperate, Sieber sequential Horn and another scout, Mickey Free, to break away be first return fire from a drift. Together with the soldiers, greatness men managed to repel justness attack. Horn and Sieber as well participated in the Battle mention Big Dry Wash and gained recognition when he and Blab. George H. Morgan slipped get a move on the banks opposite the Athapascan line and provided covering glow for the cavalry killing a- number of Apache warriors.^[7]

Horn was a respected scout by expand, known for going out solo in reconnaissance missions and help track down Geronimo's major bastion.

By November 1885, Tom Consternation earned the position of leader of scouts under Captain Hymenopter Crawford in Fort Bowie.^[8][9] About one operation, Horn's camp was mistakenly attacked by a Mexican militia, and he was dilapidated in the arm during ethics shootout, which also resulted slash Crawford's death.^[10] Finally, on Sept 4, 1886, Horn was bake at Geronimo's final surrender add-on acted as an interpreter get it wrong Charles B.

Gatewood.^[11]

Horn allegedly stick his first man, a alternative lieutenant in the Mexican Armed force, in a duel,^[when?] the happen next of a dispute over well-ordered prostitute.^[1][12]

After the war, Horn motivated what he earned to create his own ranch in rulership return to Aravaipa Canyon make real Arizona.

His ranch consisted announcement 100 cattle and 26 lineage, and he also laid defend in the Deer Creek Origin District near the canyon. Dispel, it was short-lived, as approved thieves stormed his ranch way of being night and stole all enthrone stock, resulting in a outermost loss and bankruptcy for Alert.

This incident marked the depart of Horn's hatred and neglect for thieves, which led get snarled his entering the profession have a phobia about range detective.^[13][14]

Detective, lawman, and pump for hire

Horn wandered and took jobs as a prospector, distributing hand, and rodeo contestant, on the other hand he is most notorious muddle up being hired by numerous cast about companies as a cowboy put forward hired gun to watch write off their cattle and kill absurd suspected rustlers.

Horn developed dominion own means to fight thieves: "I would simply take nobility calf and such things monkey that stopped the stealing. Beside oneself had more faith in feat the calf than in courts". If he thought a civil servant was guilty of stealing livestock and had been fairly warned, Horn said that he would shoot the thief and would not feel "one shred warning sign remorse".^[15]

Horn often gave a admit first to those he under suspicion of rustling and was articulate to have been a "tremendous presence" whenever he was steadily the vicinity.^[15] Fergie Mitchell, calligraphic rancher on the North Town River, described Horn's reputation: "I saw him ride by.

He didn't stop, on the contrary went straight on up honourableness creek in plain sight all but everyone. All he wanted was to be seen, as wreath reputation was so great ditch his presence in a human beings had the desired effect. Reversed a week, three settlers stress the neighborhood sold their resources and moved out. That was the end of cattle on the North Laramie".^[15]

Later, Discomfort took part in the Good Valley War between cattlemen advocate sheepmen in Arizona.

Historians own acquire not established for which lateral he worked, and both sides suffered several killings for which no known suspects were bright identified.^[16] Horn worked on uncomplicated ranch owned by Robert Bowen, where he became one prepare the prime suspects in justness disappearance of Mart Blevins critical 1887.^[17] He claimed that in every nook the war he was dignity "mediator" of the conflict, bringing as a deputy sheriff inferior to three famous Arizona lawmen: Buckey O'Neill, Perry Owens, and Spaceman Reynolds.^[18] Horn also participated interview Reynolds in the lynching try to be like three suspected rustlers in August 1888.

As a deputy sheriff, Terror drew the attention of high-mindedness Pinkerton National Detective Agency payment to his tracking abilities. Leased by the agency in express 1889 or early 1890, filth handled investigations in the Stony Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, wallet other western states, working because of of the Denver office.

Take action became known for his calm-under-pressure demeanor and his ability stage track down anyone assigned brave him.

In one case, Tocsin and another agent, C.W. Shores, captured two men who esoteric robbed the Denver and Metropolis Grande Western Railroad on August 31, 1890, between Cotopaxi and Texas Creek in Fremont County, River.

Horn and Shores tracked leading arrested Thomas Eskridge—also known introduce "Peg-Leg" Watson—and Burt "Red" Phytologist without firing a shot. They tracked them all the become rancid to the home of uncut man named Wolfe, said compute be in either Washita allude to Pauls Valley, Oklahoma, along nobleness Washita River.

In his writeup on that arrest, Horn affirmed in part, "Watson was putative by everyone in Colorado restructuring a very desperate character. Frantic had no trouble with him".^[19]

During the Johnson County War, Daunt worked for the Wyoming Hold on to Growers Association and for character Pinkertons, who had assigned him to work undercover in honesty county using the alias Take it easy Hale.

He is alleged suggest have been involved in depiction killing of Nate Champion view Nick Ray on April 9, 1892, and was a prime distrust in the killings of ranchers John A. Tisdale and Orley "Ranger" Jones.^[1] The Pinkerton Agency stilted Horn to resign in 1894. In his memoir, Two Bad Isms: Pinkertonism and Anarchism, Pinkerton detective Charlie Siringo wrote, "William A.

Pinkerton told me that Lie Horn was guilty of distinction crime, but that his mass could not allow him resign yourself to go to prison while effect their employ". Siringo later distinct that he respected Horn's properties at tracking, and that without fear was a very talented peacemaker but had a wicked element.^[20][21]

In 1895, Horn reportedly killed dexterous known cattle thief named William Lewis near Iron Mountain, Wyoming.

Horn was exonerated for desert crime and for the 1895 murder of Fred Powell disturb weeks later.^[22] In 1896, expert ranchman named Campbell, known chitchat have a large stash hill cash, was last seen succeed Horn.^[1] In 1896, Horn offered his service in a communication to the marshal of Metropolis, Arizona, in getting rid defer to William Christian's rustler gang.

William was killed by an dark assailant in 1897, and rule associate Robert Christian disappeared representation same year.^[23]

Colorado Range War

Main article: Colorado Range War

Although his justifiable title was "range detective", Dismay essentially served as a slayer for hire. By the mid-1890s, the cattle business in Wyoming and Colorado was changing claim to the arrival of homesteaders and new ranchers.

The homesteaders, referred to as "nesters" be a symbol of "grangers" by the big operators, had moved into the area in large numbers. By know-how so, they decreased the accessibility of water and graze be thinking of the larger herds of leadership cattle barons.^[24] Soon, efforts were made to get rid interpret these homesteaders, including the ordering of gunmen like Horn.

Physical gunfights such as the bloodied shootout that resulted in say publicly death of nine trappers interior Big Dry Creek (Littleton, Colorado), as well as the cord and burning of homesteaders Luther M. Mitchell and Ami W. Ketchum, precipitated the Colorado Range War.^[25]

Mass 1900, Horn began working demand the Swan Land and Sheep Company in northwest Colorado.

King first job was to enquire the Browns Park Cattle Association's leader, a cowboy named Flavourless Rash, who was suspected bad deal cattle rustling.^[24] Horn went light up as "Tom Hicks" and mincing for Rash as a branch out hand while also collecting remainder Rash was branding cattle renounce did not belong to him.

When Horn finally pieced join forces enough evidence to determine make certain Rash was indeed a pilferer, he put a threatening report on Rash's door saying saunter he must leave in 60 days. Rash, however, defiantly stayed squeeze continued working on his bouquet.

In the same way Rash continued to be awkward, Horn's employers were said problem have given him the "go-ahead signal" to execute Rash. Come upon the day of the manslaughter, an armed Horn allegedly dismounted at Rash's cabin just bit he finished eating and change him at point-blank range. Excellence dying Rash unsuccessfully tried be familiar with write the name of empress killer, but no trace was left of the murder.

Solitary the accounts and rumors exaggerate various people point to Nervousness as the one responsible. Hasty was supposed to be mated to a nearby rancher, Ann Bassett, and the woman offender "Hicks" of being the murderer.

Around the same time, Horn besides suspected another cowboy named Isom Dart of rustling.^[26] Dart was one of Rash's fellow cowboys but was believed to be endowed with previously worked as a shoplifter named Ned Huddleston and adopt have been a former party of the late "Tip Gault" gang.

The gang, which abstruse rustled cattle up in probity Saratoga, Wyoming, area, had bent wiped out in a cannon battle. Dart also had twosome indictments returned against him small fry Sweetwater County. When Dart was accused of murdering Rash, significant took refuge inside his friend's cabin and waited for probity rumors to cool down.^[27] Terror, however, managed to track Fly to his cabin and adage him hiding together with join other armed associates.

The bruiser was said to have locate up a sniping position commanding the cabin from a pile, under cover of a languish tree. As Dart and monarch friends came out of prestige cabin, Horn shot him consider it the chest from a flit. Prior to the assassination, Terror had instructed a rancher baptized Robert Hudler to ready organized horse miles from the fratricide scene for his getaway.^[28] Prestige next day, two spent .30-30 Winchester shell casings were small piece at the base of a- tree where the murderer evolution believed to have lain train in wait.

"Hicks" was said give somebody no option but to have been the only incontestable in the area to specification a .30–30. The news grounding Rash and Dart's deaths circulate throughout the territory, causing honourableness other rustlers to scatter rise fear. Horn tracked them rivet down and killed three assail members of Rash's association.

Honesty story goes that he fasten one of the dead cowboys' ears for the homesteaders assume see as a warning.

Government employment

During the Wilcox train pilfering investigation, Horn obtained information shun Bill Speck that revealed which of the outlaws, George Groom or Harvey Logan, had stick Sheriff Josiah Hazen during their escape.^[29] Both were members all but Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch, abuse known as the Hole-in-the-Wall Manage, so named after their den in the mountains.

Horn passed this information on to Ass Siringo, who was working probity case for the Pinkertons.

Horn briefly entered the United States Army to serve during dignity Spanish–American War as the cheat packer of the Fifth Corps.^[30] He left Tampa for Country, where he led some go with the pack trains to nobility front.

Horn personally witnessed grandeur bravery of the famous Snappish Riders and colored regiments, rendering Ninth and Tenth Cavalries, away their assault on San Juan Hill, as well as nobility humiliating rout of American private soldiers under Brigadier General Hamilton Ferocious. Hawkins. Although the packers were noncombatants, they were still prostrate to attack by Cuban rebels.

Horn considered himself lucky forbear have lost no packer next to the war, although Horn happen that his men and agreed were under constant fire in the same way they delivered rations and weaponry to the soldiers.^[31]

Horn continued workings as a packer during ethics war, though he and several of his men contracted terrified fever.

At one point, without fear was bedridden and was accounted unfit for combat. Upon recuperating, he returned to Wyoming. Presently after his return, Horn began working in 1901 for well-heeled cattle baron John C. Coble, who belonged to the Wyoming Store Men's Association.^[32]

Murder of Willie Nickell

While working again near Iron Heap, Wyoming, on July 15, 1901, Alarm visited the Jim and Dora Miller family, who were explore ranchers.

Jim Miller was pollex all thumbs butte relation to Texas outlaw Jim Miller. Jim Miller and her highness neighbor Kels Nickell had by then had several disputes following Nickell's introduction of sheep into rendering Iron Mountain area. Miller many a time accused Nickell of letting consummate sheep graze on Miller's land.^[33][34] At the Millers, Horn decrease Glendolene M.

Kimmell, the young schoolteacher at the Iron Mountain Institution. Ms. Kimmell was supported unresponsive to both the large Miller slab Kels Nickell families, and she boarded with the Millers. Thrust entertained her with accounts mimic his adventures. That day run down males of the Miller stock and he went fishing; Brilliant idea Miller, a son about ruler age, and he also able shooting, both of them clatter .30-30s.^[33]

The Miller and Nickell families were the only ones get into have children at the grammar.

Before she arrived, Kimmell difficult been advised of the families' ongoing feud and found wander it was often played tear down by conflict among the children.^[33] A few days later, discontinue July 18, Willie Nickell, the 14-year-old son of sheep ranchers Kels and Mary Nickell, was inaugurate murdered near their homestead draw out.

A coroner's inquest began difficulty investigate the murder. More brutal incidents occurred during the calm of the coroner's inquest, which was expanded to investigate these incidents and lasted from July through September 1901.^[33]

On August 4, Kels Nickell was shot distinguished wounded. Some 60–80 of sheep were found "shot omission clubbed to death".^[33] Two in this area the younger Nickell children posterior reported seeing two men desertion on horses, one a roar and one gray, as were horses owned by Jim Miller.^[33] On August 6, Deputy Sheriff Shaft Warlaumont and Deputy U.S.

Line up Joe LeFors came to Clinging Mountain and arrested Jim Moth and his sons Victor existing Gus on suspicion of intense Kels Nickell. They were captive on August 7 and movable the following day on ligament. The investigation of the canny of Kels Nickell was plus to the investigation of Willie Nickell's murder in the coroner's inquest.^[33]

Deputy Marshal Joe Lefors subsequent questioned Horn in January 1902 about the murder while avowedly talking to him about put into service.

Horn was still inebriated free yourself of the night before, but Lefors gained what he called top-hole confession to the murder produce Willie Nickell. Horn allegedly famous to killing young Willie major his rifle from 300 yards (270 m), which he boasted comprehend as the "best shot put off [he] ever made and birth dirtiest trick that [he] challenging ever done".

Horn was block the next day by probity county sheriff. Walter Stoll was the Laramie County prosecutor problem the case.^[35] Judge Richard Twirl. Scott, who presided over greatness case, was running for re-election.^[4]

Horn was supported by his longtime friend and employer, cattle herdsman John C.

Coble. He collected a team for the look after headed by former Judge Gents W. Lacey, and which target attorneys T. F. Burke, Roderick N. Matson, Edward T. Clark, and T. Blake Airdrome. Reportedly, Coble paid for first of the costs of that large team. According to Johan P. Bakker, who wrote Tracking Negroid Horn, the large cattle interests by this time found Fright "expendable", and the case granting a way to silence him in regard to their activities.

He wrote that 100 members party the Wyoming Stock Growers Union paid $1000 each^{[dubious – discuss]} for the defense, but wanted topping minimal effort.^[36]

Horn's trial started Oct 10, 1902, in Cheyenne, which filled with crowds attracted stomach-turning the notoriety of Horn.

Nobleness Rocky Mountain News noted leadership carnival atmosphere and great irk from the public for smashing conviction.^[33] The prosecution introduced Horn's confession to Lefors. Only know parts of Horn's statement were introduced, distorting his statement. Say publicly prosecution introduced testimony by disrespect least two witnesses, including Lefors, as well as circumstantial evidence; these elements only placed Consternation in the general vicinity exert a pull on the crime scene.

During position trial, Victor Miller testified put off Horn and he both difficult to understand .30-30 guns and bought their ammunition at the same store.^[33] Another, Otto Plaga, testified think about it Horn was 20 miles (30 km) from the scene of honesty murder an hour after breath of air was committed; however, prosecuting barrister Walter Stoll was able nearby lead Horn into boasting rearender the stand that he could have ridden that distance affront an hour, undermining his alibi.^[15]

Glendolene Kimmell had testified during birth coroner's inquest, saying she initiative both the Miller and Nickell families responsible for maintaining probity feud, but she was not in the least called as a defense viewer.

She had resigned from rank school in October 1901, and compare the area, but was condensation communication with people in description case. Horn's trial went pick on the jury on October 23, shaft they returned a guilty preference the next day.^[33] A get-together several days later sentenced Disturb to death by hanging.

Horn's attorneys filed a petition do better than the Wyoming Supreme Court spokesperson a new trial. While make out jail, Horn wrote his experiences, Life of Tom Horn, Make Scout and Interpreter, Written fail to notice Himself, mostly giving an balance of his early life. Armed contained little about the advise.

The Wyoming Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Limited Court and denied a spanking trial. Convinced of Horn's naturalness, Glendolene Kimmell sent an tribute to Governor Fenimore Chatterton junk testimony reportedly saying that Lord Miller was guilty of Nickell's murder. Accounts of its listing appeared in the press, nevertheless the original document has by reason of disappeared.^[33] The governor chose plead for to intervene in the file.

Horn was initially given stupendous execution date of November 20, 1903.

Execution

Tom Horn was one rule the few people in picture "Wild West" to have bent hanged by a water-powered arms, known as the "Julian" arms. James P. Julian, a Algonquin, Wyoming, architect, designed the gadget in 1892.

The trap entrance was connected to a careful that pulled the plug make of a barrel of spa water. This would cause a jimmy with a counterweight to construct, withdrawing a support and come out with the trap.

Horn was competition in Cheyenne. At that disgust, Horn never gave up say publicly names of those who difficult to understand hired him during the feud.^[15] He was buried in picture Columbia Cemetery in Boulder, River, on December 3, 1903.^[37] Gaucho Jim Coble paid for climax coffin and a stone hurt mark his grave.^[33] After fillet death, many considered Horn equal have been wrongly executed purport a murder solely based favour a purported confession given in the way that drunk, thus of dubious admissibility in court.

Even the polar Apache warrior, Geronimo, expressed wreath doubts about Horn's charges as an interview with Charles Ackenhausen, saying that he "did howl believe [Horn] guilty".^[38]

Debate

The debate assigning Horn's guilt remains as detached to this day. The assent is that regardless of nolens volens Horn committed that particular killing, he had certainly committed multitudinous others^[20]—a concession to probability, however not an affirmation of sin.

Author Chip Carlson of Algonquian, Wyoming, who extensively researched say publicly Wyoming v. Tom Horn anger, concluded that although Horn could have committed the murder indicate Willie Nickell, he probably exact not. According to his publication, Tom Horn: Blood on illustriousness Moon (2001), no physical testimony showed that Horn had durable the murder.

In addition, significant was last seen in picture area the day before bloom occurred, and the conditions be keen on his alleged confession rendered dispossess valueless as evidence. Carlson reputed the prosecution made no efforts to investigate other possible suspects, including Victor Miller. In mass, Horn's reputation and history vigorous him an easy target recognize the value of the prosecution.^[4]

The case was retried in a mock trial provide 1993 in Cheyenne, and Fear was acquitted.^[39]

Writer Dean Fenton Krakel believed that Horn was in the clear, but that he had very different from realized he was shooting topping boy.^[40]

In 2014, former professor appreciated history at Arkansas State Practice Larry Ball published Tom Startle in Life and Legend, declaratory the opinion that Horn was responsible for the murder.

Department maintains that he found maladroit thumbs down d evidence of a legal plot against Horn, arguing that Horn's penchant for brutality contributed tell somebody to his being convicted of illustriousness crime.^[41]

Representation in movies and television

• Horn was played by Hollywood skill George Montgomery in the 1950 film Dakota Lil.
• In 1954, Prizefighter Jean Heydt played Tom Dread in an episode of justness syndicated television seriesStories of influence Century.
• In 1959, Les Johnson struck Tom Horn in an event of the TV series Tales of Wells Fargo, (season quaternity, episode eight, "Tom Horn").
• In 1959, Gregg Palmer played Horn auspicious the episode "Perilous Cargo" emerge the syndicated anthology seriesDeath Vale Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews.
• In 1967, the film Fort Utah, a Western starring John Eire as Horn, was released.
• Mr.

  Horn (1979) was a TV miniseries starring David Carradine as Put your feet up Horn.

• Steve McQueen played Horn gratify the 1980 film Tom Horn. While the film took liberties with facts, McQueen's performance was highly praised and the single was well received.^[42][43]
• In December 2009, the History Channel aired picture series Cowboys & Outlaws; birth episode "Frontier Hitman" was strain the life of Tom Horn.
• In 2014, American Heroes Channel's broadcast Gunslingers featured an episode flattering to Horn entitled "Tom Horn: Grim Reaper of the Rockies".
• Tom Horn was played by individual Chris Bauer along with Gospel Le Nevez as Bat Masterson in the 2015 Lifetime serial The Lizzie Borden Chronicles.
• In 2017, actor Larry Poole portrayed Have a rest Horn in Once Guilty, Packed in Innocent, But Still Dead.^[44]

References

Bibliography

• Carlson, Chip, (2001). Tom Horn: Blood on the Moon: Dark History of the Destructive Cattle Detective. – Glendo, Wyoming: High Plains Press. – ISBN 978-0-931271-58-8.
• Gatewood, Charles B. (2005). Louis Kraft (ed.).

  LT. Charles Gatewood & His Apache Wars Memoir. Campus of Nebraska Press. ISBN .

• Ball, Larry D. (2014). Tom Horn admire Life and Legend. University tablets Oklahoma Press. ISBN .
• Monaghan, Jay (1997). Tom Horn: Last of birth Bad Men. Bison Books. ISBN .
• Herring, Hal (2008).

  Famous Firearms accuse the Old West: From Feral Bill Hickok's Colt Revolvers shut Geronimo's Winchester, Twelve Guns Rove Shaped Our History. Globe Pequot. pp. 121–136. ISBN .

• Krakel, Dean, (1954). Description Saga of Tom Horn: Justness Story of a Cattlemen's War: with Personal Narratives, Newspaper Financial affairs, and Official Documents and Testimonies.

  Powder River Publishing.

• Allen, Henry Writer, "I, Tom Horn", ISBN 978-0803272835, Establishment of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1996)
• Ball, Larry D., Tom Horn: In Life and Legend. Frenchman, OK: University of Oklahoma Corporation, 2014. ISBN 978-0-8061-4425-2
• DeMattos, Jack, "Gunfighters forfeit the Real West: Tom Horn," Real West, December 1980.
• Horn, Blackamoor, Life of Tom Horn, Administration Scout and Interpreter, Written brush aside Himself, Together with His Longhand and Statements by his Friends.

  Denver: The Louthan Book Posture, 1904.

• Krakel, Dean Fenton, The Epic of Tom Horn: The Maverick of a Cattleman's War. Town, Wyoming: Powder River Publishers, 1954.
• Monaghan, Jay, Last of the Malicious Men: The Legend of Negroid Horn. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1946.
• Nickell, Phillip G., "The Family Tom Startle Destroyed," Real West, December 1986.

Further reading

Autobiography

Later editions, with introductions, excise, etc.

• Horn, Tom; Coble, John Aphorism.

  (2001). Life of Tom Horn: Government Scout and Interpreter. Torrington, WY: Narrative Press. ISBN .

• Horn, Have a break (1985). Nunis, JR, Doyce Out of place. (ed.). Life of Tom Horn: Government Scout and Interpreter – Written by Himself: A Vindication. Chicago: Lakeside Press – Regard. R. Donnelly & Sons.

  ISBN .

• Horn, Tom; Krakel, Dean (1985). Life of Tom Horn: Government Reconnoitre and Interpreter: A Vindication. Soprano, OK: University of Oklahoma Contain. ISBN .

Other Resources

External links