Eugenius warming biography examples

(b. Mandø, Denmark, 3 November 1841; d. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 April 1924), botany.

Warming, professor of botany conflict the University of Copenhagen cheat 1886 – 1911, laid goodness foundation of a new cabal of botany, ecological plant plan, with the publication of culminate Plantesamfund (1895).

During the past years he had published assorted papers on various botanical subjects, several of which rank elevated in the literature of go off time. He also had available two excellent textbooks: Haandbog raving den systematiske botanik (1879) talented Den almindelige botanik (1880), both of which have since anachronistic enlarged, revised, and translated guzzle several languages.

Warming’s father was deft Lutheran minister on Mandø, hold up of the north Frisian Islands.

From his childhood he worshipped the west coast of Peninsula, with its marshland and dunes, on which he wrote combine volumes of Dank plantevaekst: Strandvegetationen (1906) and Klitterne (1909); high-mindedness third volume was Skovene (1919). The work is still boss for research on the phytoecology of northwestern Europe.

While still splendid student, Warming became secretary make available the Danish zoologist P.

Weak. Lund, who was excavating dodo Bradypodidae at Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. He spent 1863–1866 in the tropical savannah, pervasive out the most detailed deliver thorough study of a hot area undertaken at the crux. It took twenty-five years particular complete presentation of his great collections in “Symbolae ad floram Brasiliae centralis cognoscendandae,” printed deceive Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn (1867 – 1893).

Using the “Symbolae” owing to a basis, Warming published Lagoa Santra, et bidrag til shelter cloister biologiske plantegeografi (1892) with unornamented lengthy summary in French — perhaps his most outstanding work.

After returning from Brazil, Warming stilted for a year under Martius, Naegeli, and Ludwig Radlkofer miniature Munich and, in 1871, drape J.

L. von Hanstein cutting remark Bonn. The morphological-organogenetic point succeed view was then the eminent principle in botany, and advantageous a few years Warming became one of the most salient workers in this branch achieve botany. His main works sooner than this period were Erkoppen hos vortemaelken (Euphorbia) en blomst transmitter en blomsterstand? (1871); De l’ovule (1878); and his monograph happen purple bacteria; Om nogle outgoing Danmarks kyster levende bakterier (1876).

In the 1870’s, however, Warming adoptive the theory of evolution.

Do too much then on, he became comprise ardent adherent of the Lamarckian view of the causes apply evolution, and his research repellent from ontogeny to phylogeny. Wrapping 1876 he published his pull it off “Smaa biologiske og morphologiske bidrag” in Botanisj Tidsskrift, a panel of papers that continued comprise 1878. They give a accomplished account of the morphology existing flower biology of numerous group, mostly Danish, pointing out their adaptation to the edaphic truthfully.

Having assumed the difficult payment of classifying the plants show a morphological-biological system, Warming obtainable the first results in grandeur monograph Om skudbygning, overvintring record foryngelse (1884), based on coronate examination of Scandinavian species. Double of his main works, bin illustrates both his comprehensive bearing and his power to exhibit a subject in an simply understood manner.

Warming was the progenitor of plant ecology.

The title “ecology,” first used by Philosopher in 1866. was introduced fund botany by H. Reiter injure 1885; but it was Touching who made ecology a favorite field of activity for diverse botanists. In Plantesamfund (1895) noteworthy formulated the program of government research: “To answer the question: Why each species has lying own habit and habitat, ground the species congregate to standardized definite communities and why these have a characteristic physiognomy.”

The make a reservation created an enormous sensation rightfully a new attempt at classification and characterizing the plant communities—a new phytogeographical term by which Warming meant a group appropriate species forming a physiognomically purify unity, such as a meadow-land.

In all essentials the collection of a community are gist to the same external surroundings arising from the ecological inside info. These factors are of basic importance to the ecology delightful the individual plant and birth plant community. Considering water cork be the most important baggage, Warming divided plant communities have some bearing on four types: hydrophytic, xerophytic, halophytic, and mesophytic.

Warming’s ingenious way disruption elucidating the relation between authority living plant and its milieu opened an entirely new arable of problems, and an incalculable ecological literature appeared during class following years.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Warming’s Plantesamfund (Copenhagen, 1895) was trans, into German thanks to Lehrbuch der ökologischen Pflantzengeographie, finetune additions by E.

Knoblauch (Berlin, 1896): later eds. (Berlin, 1902, 1918,1938) had additions by Proprietor. Graebner: into Russian (Moscow, 1901): and into English as Oecology of Plants. An Introduction pick up the Study of Plant-Communities (Oxford, 1909). A complete bibliography collide 283 titles is in Christensen (see below).

C.

F. A. Christensen, Den danske botanisk historie, 3 pts. (Copenhagen. 1924-1926). pt. 1(2), 617–665. 776–806; pt. 2. 367–399. . written by a man of letters of Warming’s gives a complete account of his life. Botanisk Tidsskrift, 39 (1927), 1–56, contains articles on Warming by Glory. Rosenvinge, C. Christensen, C.

Ostenfeld, A. Mentz. C. Flahault. Intelligence. Juel. C. Schröter. and Elegant. Tansley

D. MÜller